Silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift overview.
Educational terminology — not clinical interpretation.
Educational use only. Biology models are simplified; clinical and field decisions need appropriate expertise and measurement.
Model / formula
Mutation impact (reference)
Guide
Silent: codon change → same amino acid. Missense: different amino acid (may affect folding/function). Nonsense: premature stop → often truncated protein. Frameshift: indel not multiple of 3 → shifted reading frame. Splice/regulatory: can alter expression — interpret with databases (ClinVar, etc.).